By Brian Fitzgerald
Introduction
The requirement to connect applications across regions is ubiquitous. In Amazon Web Services (AWS), applications are deployed to a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), but a VPC is specific to a single AWS region — to connect across regions, it is necessary to connect across VPCs. For speed and security, it is preferable to connect VPCs across Amazon’s internal networks, not across the public internet. We are going to establish our cross-VPC connection using peering. For this peering to succeed, planning is necessary to avoid overlapping IP address ranges. Peering across AWS accounts will also be demonstrated.
Virtual Private Clouds
An Amazon AWS Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is an isolated network in a single region. A VPC covers all availability zones in the region and can have multiple subnets. A VPC covers a specific CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) IP address range, or “block”. In this section, we’re going to cover VPC IP address ranges, which is going to lead into the next section on VPC peering.
Networks
IP network configuration in AWS VPCs is quite flexible. The network number can reflect almost any legal IPv4 address range. IPv6 CIDR ranges are also available. A VPC CIDR block size can range from /16 netmask (65534 IP addresses) to /28 netmask (14 IP addresses).
Amazon recommends that you specify a CIDR block from the private IPv4 address ranges as specified in RFC 1918:
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)
If you use an AWS tool to automatically create a VPC, you will find that the generated CIDR follows that guidance. Here are some examples of VPC CIDR blocks generated by AWS tools:
- 10.0.0.0/16
- 172.31.0.0/16
You may create a VPC with a CIDR block outside the RFC 1918 ranges, but most users will refrain from doing so on aesthetic grounds, or to avoid misunderstandings. You may not create an AWS VPC CIDR block beginning with 0. or 127.
The default limit on VPCs is 5 = per region. To get a higher limit, you have to open a support case and submit a limit increase request. To avoid needing a higher VPC limit, you might decide to create your VPCs as large as allowable, i.e. netmask /16, and to avoid inadvertently creating ones. Some AWS only work by creating a new VPC. For example, if you use the Getting Started menu to setup an Elastic Container Service with load balancing, you will have no option but to create a new VPC. Other AWS tools offer to create a new VPC For example if you create a new a new EC2 or RDS instance in the AWS console, the menu offers creating a new VPC as as option. In conclusion, you can tightly manage your number of VPCs, or you can request a higher limit.
One way to simplify and standardize your administration is to create all your VPCs using RFC 1918 IP address ranges and netmask /16. If you do that, you can create networks among these ranges
- 10.0.0.0/16 – 10.255.0.0/16 (256 networks)
- 172.16.0.0/16 – 172.31.0.0/16 (16 networks)
- 196.168.0.0/16 (1 network)
for a total of up to 273 VPCs per region. For many applications, 273 VPCs per region is ample.
In a new account, the default VPC in each region has CIDR block 172.31.0.0/16. As of this writing, a new account covers 17 regions. The upshot is that a new AWS account has 17 VPCs all with the same CIDR block. In the case of isolated VPCs, this is not a problem, but default VPCs cannot be connected by peering because the IP address ranges overlap.
In addition to creating new VPCs, you can increase the size of an existing VPC by adding additional CIDR blocks. However, you cannot mix across RFC 1918 IP address ranges. Specifically, you cannot combine “10.0” and “172.” CIDR blocks in a single VPC.
In conclusion, if you consider all allowable ranges and netmasks, you can choose from over a half billion possible CIDR blocks. However, even if you restrict your choice to private networks and the largest allowable size, you can choose from among 273 different CIDR blocks.
Subnets
Subnetting VPCs is also quite flexible. You may specify a subnet mask ranging from /16 (65534 IP addresses) to /28 (14 IP addresses). By default, a VPC may have up to 200 subnets.
You cannot create a subnet larger than netmask /16. For example, if you compose a VPC from two contiguous netmask /16 networks, you could not, therefore, create a single netmask /15 subnet.
VPC summary
A new account covers multiple regions, each with a default VPC with CIDR block range 172.31.0.0/16. You can create additional VPCs. Some users may decide to stick with netmask /16 and RFC 1918 networks. The detailed explanations of VPC IP addresses in this section set the stage for the next section, which is VPC peering.
VPC Peering
A simple way to connect across VPCs is to establish VPC peering. VPC peering connects two VPCs to form a single network. Traffic is routed not across the Internet, but across a private AWS network. VPC peering is more secure and more reliable than using an internet gateway.
VPC peering requires that the VPC CIDR blocks do not overlap. Subnets are not considered. In other words, if two VPCs have overlapping CIDRs, you cannot establish VPC peering, even if no existing subnets overlap.
All default VPC CIDR blocks are 172.31.0.0/16. You cannot establish VPC peering across more than one default VPC because the IP address range overlaps. You must create one or more new VPC.
For this blog, we’re going to setup VPC peering across regions us-east-1, ap-northeast-1, and eu-west-1 (N. Virginia, Tokyo, and London). We’ll start by deleting the default VPC, namely 172.31.0.0/16, and creating these VPCs
| Region |
Region |
VPC ID |
CIDR block |
| N. Virginia |
us-east-1 |
vpc-0ed2447f33a01d301 |
10.1.0.0/16 |
| Tokyo |
ap-northeast-1 |
vpc-07251b9829e270787 |
10.2.0.0/16 |
| London |
eu-west-2 |
vpc-0bf90b5507089c175 |
10.3.0.0/16 |
For example:
I have deleted the default VPCs for neatness: I have no need for them now. In each new VPC, create a subnet. Also, only for the sake of this blog, I’ll create an internet gateway in us-east-1 and add a route to the Internet via the gateway. Spin up an EC2, download the key pair, convert to putty keys, connect with PuTTY and we’re in. Install nc:
sudo yum -y update
sudo yum -y install nc
In ap-northeast-1 and eu-west-2, spin up an EC2 in each. Save the SSH keys (*.pem) for later.
| Region |
Subnet |
EC2 IP address |
public IP address |
| us-east-1 |
10.1.0.0/24 |
10.1.0.244 |
107.23.67.190 |
| ap-northeast-1 |
10.2.0.0/24 |
10.2.0.241 |
|
| eu-west-2 |
10.3.0.0/24 |
10.3.0.183 |
|
Attempt to connect from us-east-1 to ap-northeast-1 and eu-west-2, and the connections time out.
Now, we’ll setup VPC peering.
Setting up VPC peering
To set up VPC peering, send an invitation by following the Create Peering Connection dialog. For example, from us-east-1, invite ap-northeast-1.
In the ap-northeast-1 region, accept the invitation.
In the “Actions” menu, select “Accept request”. In the dialog. click “Yes, Accept”, and in the next dialog, click “Modify my route tables now”, or select “Route Tables” from the left navigation pane.
In the us-east-1 route table, add a route to 10.2.0.0/16 via the peered connection. In the ap-northeast-1 route table, add a route to 10.1.0.0/16 via the peered connection. You can skip ahead to the screenshots in the next subsection to get a preview of the final route table.
Retest the connection to ap-northeast-1. Success:
Likewise:
- In us-east-1, invite to peering, eu-west-2 VPC.
- In eu-west-2, accept the peering invitation.
- In the us-east-1 route table, add a route to 10.3.0.0/16 via the peering connection.
- In the eu-west-1 route table, add a route to 10.1.0.0/16 via the peering connection.
Using WinSCP, copy the *.pem files that you downloaded when you created the EC2s to the us-east-1 EC1. Change the file mode to 600. Now ssh succeeds:
from us-east-1:
ssh -i ap-northeast-1-key.pem ec2-user@10.2.0.241
ssh -i eu-west-2-key.pem ec2-user@10.3.0.183
Connecting Tokyo to London
Peering is not transitive, meaning that, so far, you cannot connect directly from ap-northeast-1 to eu-west-2 or vice versa. You may, however, setup peering directly between ap-northeast-1 and eu-west-2. Be sure to update the route tables.The final us-east-1 route table looks thus:
The ap-northeast-1 route table is:
The eu-west-2 route table is:
Once routing is setup, you can connect between any two IP addresses in the three regions.
If you want to ssh from ap-northeast-1 to eu-west-2, then copy eu-west-2-key.pem to ap-northeast-1 first.
from us-east-1:
cd .ssh/
scp -i ap-northeast-1-key.pem -p eu-west-2-key.pem ec2-user@10.2.0.241:.ssh
ssh -i ap-northeast-1-key.pem ec2-user@10.2.0.241
from ap-northeast-1:
cd .ssh/
ssh -i eu-west-2-key.pem ec2-user@10.3.0.183
Again, note that only the us-east-1 EC2 instance is public. The ap-northeast-1 and eu-west-1 EC2 instances are private, and are accessible only via the us-east-1 EC2 instance.
This was an example of interconnecting three regions in the same account. The connections were accomplished using ssh (port 22). In the next section, we will connect across two separate AWS accounts via Oracle database link.
Connection across accounts
So far, we have setup VPC peering across regions in the same account. Now we are going to establish VPC peering across separate AWS accounts. Setup your accounts. Setup VPCs with non-overlapping CIDR blocks. For example:
| Account number |
Region |
Region ID |
VPC ID |
CIDR block |
| 665575760545 |
Seoul |
ap-northeast-2 |
vpc-04260ecd771d09cdb |
10.5.0.0/16 |
| 128887077649 |
Singapore |
ap-southeast-1 |
vpc-043e1448a4e98a416 |
10.6.0.0/16 |
In each VPC, setup at least two subnets in separate availability zones.
| Account number |
VPC ID |
Subnet |
Availability Zone |
| 665575760545 |
vpc-04260ecd771d09cdb |
10.5.0.0/24 |
ap-northeast-2b (apne2-az2) |
| 665575760545 |
vpc-04260ecd771d09cdb |
10.5.1.0/24 |
ap-northeast-2a (apne2-az1) |
| 128887077649 |
vpc-043e1448a4e98a416 |
10.6.0.0/24 |
ap-southeast-1c (apse1-az3) |
| 128887077649 |
vpc-043e1448a4e98a416 |
10.6.1.0/24 |
ap-southeast-1a (apse1-az1) |
Create databases
In the first account:
- Setup an internet gateway and a route for the sake of this blog.
- Enable DNS hostnames.
- Create an Oracle Database RDS (internet facing for the sake of this blog).
- Test from Oracle SQL Developer.
In the second account, create an Oracle Database RDS, private. Enable listener log exports. RDS Summary:
| Account number |
DB ident |
Endpoint |
| 665575760545 |
seoul-ora |
seoul-ora.c7oolvrrvu91.ap-northeast-2.rds.amazonaws.com |
| 128887077649 |
singapore-ora |
singapore-ora.cdhkgqcl8pkk.ap-southeast-1.rds.amazonaws.com |
(… continued)
| Account number |
IP Address |
PORT |
db name |
| 665575760545 |
52.79.225.94 |
1521 |
ORCL |
| 128887077649 |
10.6.1.194 |
1521 |
ORCL |
Note that the seoul-ora IP address is public and the singapore-ora IP address is private.
From the first account, from seoul-ora, the create database link statement succeeds:
CREATE DATABASE LINK singapore_link
CONNECT TO admin IDENTIFIED BY "sing..33"
USING 'singapore-ora.cdhkgqcl8pkk.ap-southeast-1.rds.amazonaws.com:1521/ORCL';
A query across the database link times out:
select host_name from v$instance@singapore_link;
ORA-12170: TNS:Connect timeout occurred
Next we will setup VPC peering across accounts.
VPC Peering across accounts
From the first account, in Seoul, send the invitation:
From the second account, in Singapore, accept the invitation.
Click “Yes, Accept”, and in the next dialog, click “Modify my route tables now”, or select “Route Tables” from the left navigation pane. Add a route to destination 10.5.0.0/16 via peering connection pcx-09199f486b1e1a533.
From the first account, in Seoul, add a route to 10.6.0.0/16 via peering connection pcx-09199f486b1e1a533.
From the second account:
- Select Singapore
- Navigate to Services->RDS
- Select singapore-ora
- Identify the security group
- Navigate to the security group
- Add inbound rule:
- TCP port: 1521
- Source: 10.5.0.0/16
Here is a screenshot of the Singapore RDS security group inbound rules.
Retry the database link from Seoul:
select host_name from v$instance@singapore_link;
HOST_NAME
ip-172-21-2-91
Success. Peering across AWS accounts works.
Note that the query returns the Singapore RDS hostname, ip-172-21-2-91. The host is an EC2 instance that is not accessible from your AWS account.
In the second account, in Singapore, CloudWatch, in Logs, in /aws/rds/instance/singapore-ora/listener, observe the establish record.
12-JUN-2019 21:44:13 * (CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=ORCL)(CID=
(PROGRAM=oracle)(HOST=ip-172-23-0-229)(USER=Brian Fitzgerald)))
* (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=10.5.1.93)(PORT=64171))
* establish * ORCL * 0
Notice that connection source IP address 10.5.1.93 is in Seoul VPC CIDR block 10.5.0.0/16.
Again, note that only the ap-northeast-2 (Seoul) RDS instance is public. The ap-southeast-1 (Singapore) RDS instances is private, and is accessible only via the ap-northeast-2 RDS instance.
Our result: a successful TCP connection across AWS accounts. In this case, we set up a database link across Oracle databases. The connection could as well have been a Microsoft SQL Server linked server, or a database client, such as ODBC or JDBC. VPC peering is not limited to database technology. A wide range of applications, tools, and services can be deployed across AWS VPCs, regions, or accounts by leveraging VPC peering. This blog has covered TCP over IPv4, but other transports, such as UDP can be considered. IPv6 is supported in AWS, as well as IPv4.
Programming
All actions that were demonstrated from the AWS console can be accomplished programmatically.
Command Line Interfaces
The AWS command line interface (CLI) can be used to issue commands that perform the same actions that were demonstrated from the AWS console. For example, to drop and reinstatiate N. Virginia to Tokyo peering:
C:\>aws ec2 delete-vpc-peering-connection --vpc-peering-connection-id pcx-0006343192557953b
True
C:\>aws ec2 create-vpc-peering-connection --peer-vpc-id vpc-07251b9829e270787 --vpc-id vpc-0ed2447f33a01d301 --peer-region ap-northeast-1
VPCPEERINGCONNECTION 2019-06-21T01:54:00.000Z pcx-0d5aa3deb15773138
ACCEPTERVPCINFO 665575760545 ap-northeast-1 vpc-07251b9829e270787
REQUESTERVPCINFO 10.1.0.0/16 665575760545 us-east-1 vpc-0ed2447f33a01d301
CIDRBLOCKSET 10.1.0.0/16
PEERINGOPTIONS False False False
STATUS initiating-request Initiating Request to 665575760545
C:\>aws ec2 accept-vpc-peering-connection --vpc-peering-connection-id pcx-0d5aa3deb15773138 --region ap-northeast-1
VPCPEERINGCONNECTION pcx-0d5aa3deb15773138
ACCEPTERVPCINFO 10.2.0.0/16 665575760545 ap-northeast-1 vpc-07251b9829e270787
CIDRBLOCKSET 10.2.0.0/16
PEERINGOPTIONS False False False
REQUESTERVPCINFO 10.1.0.0/16 665575760545 us-east-1 vpc-0ed2447f33a01d301
CIDRBLOCKSET 10.1.0.0/16
PEERINGOPTIONS False False False
STATUS provisioning Provisioning
All other actions demonstrated from the AWS console in this blog article can be run from the CLI. Examples:
aws ec2 create-vpc
aws ec2 create-route
aws ec2 create-subnet
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress
to mention only a few.
Programming APIs
The commands can be scripted in several languages, including javascript, powershell, and python. The python library is boto3. EC2 client methods include these examples:
create_vpc()
create_vpc_peering_connection()
accept_vpc_peering_connection()
create_route()
create_subnet()
Technical summary
The key details needed to setup VPC peering are:
- Non-overlapping IP address ranges across VPCs.
- Send and accept invitation.
- Adding routes to the route table.
- Security group inbound rules that cover the remote IP address ranges.
In this blog article, we explained, demonstrated, or mentioned:
- AWS VPC peering across three regions.
- Deleting the default VPC
- Creating new VPCs
- Use of RFC 1918 private IP address ranges
- Use of /16 netmask for VPC
- Sending and accepting VPC peering invitations.
- Adding routes to the route table
- Creation of subnets
- Use of /24 subnet mask
- Downloading ssh key pairs (pem)
- Using PuTTYgen to convert ssh keys to putty keys (ppk).
- Connecting to EC2 via PuTTY or WinSCP.
- VPC peering across AWS accounts
- Installing nc
- Using nc in EC2 to test TCP connectivity
- ssh across EC2 using ssh key pairs (pem)
- Limiting RDS access via security groups.
- Creating a database link
- Reviewing RDS listener log
Conclusion
AWS VPC peering is a great way to connect applications across VPCs, regions, or accounts. VPC peering is faster, more reliable, and more secure than using the Internet. VPC peering can be implemented smoothly by avoiding overlapping IP address ranges. This blog covered ssh and database connections, but VPC peering applies to a wide range of networked application technology.
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